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		<title>Los tiempos verbales en los artículos académicos en inglés</title>
		<link>https://textos-academicos.com/tiempos-verbales/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Textos Académicos]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 Jul 2022 17:45:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Gramática]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[APA Style]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[artículos académicos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[artículos científicos en inglés]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corrección]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[redactar artículos en inglés]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tiempos verbales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[traducción al inglés]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://textos-academicos.com/?p=20972</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[El uso de los tiempos verbales puede resultar complicado a la hora de redactar artículos en inglés para su publicación en revistas especializadas de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. A veces resulta difícil desvincularse de los tiempos verbales que se utilizan habitualmente en los distintos...]]></description>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">El uso de los <strong>tiempos verbales</strong> puede resultar complicado a la hora de <strong>redactar artículos en inglés</strong> para su publicación en revistas especializadas de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. A veces resulta difícil desvincularse de los tiempos verbales que se utilizan habitualmente en los <strong>distintos apartados de los artículos académicos en la lengua de origen</strong>.</p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><p>Respondiendo a las consultas que nos han planteado varios investigadores con quienes colaboramos, en este post abordamos el tema, aportando criterios de uso y ejemplos prácticos (procedentes de artículos reales publicados en revistas internacionales).</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>A continuación ofrecemos algunas <strong>claves</strong> <strong>para</strong> quienes quieren <strong>redactar sus trabajos directamente en inglés</strong>. También pueden ser interesantes para aquellas personas que los envían a profesionales para su traducción o corrección, ya que pueden servir como referencia para valorar adecuadamente el uso de los tiempos verbales en un artículo que se haya traducido o revisado. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Una aproximación sencilla apuntaría a que <strong>los tiempos verbales</strong> en la redacción de textos académicos en inglés <strong>se utilizan de forma bastante intuitiva</strong>: si una acción o un proceso se desarrolló en el pasado, lo más frecuente es utilizar el past simple o el present perfect. Este criterio es aplicable a un <strong>estudio de referencia que se cita</strong> en el artículo o a la descripción de las etapas del propio <strong>método y del proceso de investigación</strong> que se desarrolló en su momento y que ha dado lugar a la publicación. Si los datos se han recogido y analizado en un momento determinado en el pasado (ya sea hace unos días o dos años atrás), el tiempo de la narración (en términos generales) ha de ser el <strong>past simple</strong>. Sin embargo, lo que parece una pauta sencilla, en la práctica con frecuencia no lo es. En realidad, conviene<strong> ser prudentes</strong> y no considerar que siempre deba usarse un tiempo verbal u otro, ya que pueden darse variaciones que resultan perfectamente correctas. </p><p> </p><p>Dicho esto, en este post ofrecemos algunas orientaciones generales, aludiendo a las directrices que constan en una guía de estilo de amplia difusión en la investigación de las Ciencias Humanas y Sociales.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>El <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manual de estilo de la APA (American Psychological Association)</strong></a> a menudo forma parte de los criterios de referencia que estipulan las revistas científicas. A pesar de que puede resultar más relevante en principio en publicaciones que establecen como convenciones las propias del inglés estadounidense (US English), el apartado correspondiente a los tiempos verbales es relevante para todos los tipos de inglés (británico, estadounidense, Oxford, etc. entre otros). A continuación ofrecemos un cuadro esquemático basado en la versión en línea de la <strong><a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar/verb-tense" target="_blank" rel="noopener">séptima edición del Manual de Estilo de la APA</a></strong></p>								</div>
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									<p>Para proporcionar una visión más completa, en las siguientes secciones ampliamos la información sobre los principales apartados que componen los artículos científicos, detallando el uso de los diversos tiempos verbales y ofreciendo ejemplos reales para facilitar la comprensión de este uso en cada caso.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Tiempos verbales en los diferentes apartados de los artículos académicos</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RESUMEN (ABSTRACT)</h2>				</div>
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									<p>El present simple se emplea para <strong>indicar qué investiga el artículo y cuáles son sus objetivos</strong>, así como para informar de <strong>hechos generales</strong> que se consideran <strong>ciertos o generalmente aceptados:</strong></p><ul><li>This article examines whether disabled people in the UK also constitute absent citizens.</li><li>This paper provides an insight into the voluntary sector’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic.</li></ul><p> </p><p>El present perfect se usa para hablar de <strong>investigaciones anteriores</strong> que sean <strong>relevantes</strong> para el estudio actual:</p><ul><li>In recent years, various environmental threats have been highlighted in relation to disability.</li><li>This paper argues that the sociology of education has consistently failed to distance itself from the metaphysics, optimism and oppressions of modern schooling.</li></ul>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUCCIÓN</h2>				</div>
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									<p><span style="font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );">El present simple</span><b> </b><span style="font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );">se</span><b> </b><span style="font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );">utiliza para </span><strong>explicar de qué trata el artículo, cómo está estructurado y por qué es importante</strong><span style="font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );">, y para definir términos y compartir </span><strong>hechos</strong><span style="font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );"> que son ampliamente </span><strong>conocidos</strong><span style="font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );"> y no cambiarán con el tiempo:</span></p><ul><li>This article explores interdisciplinarity through my own interdisciplinary story. I begin by reviewing sociology’s interdisciplinary history.</li></ul><p>El present perfect se usa para presentar <strong>investigaciones anteriores</strong> que sean relevantes para su estudio:</p><ul><li>Sociology has been said to be in crisis (Fuller 2006; Touraine 2003; Urry 2000). It has been accused of being obsessed with its history, and of forgetting its history (Brewer 2007a).</li></ul>								</div>
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									<p>El simple past es el tiempo verbal utilizado para hablar de las <strong>conclusiones de estudios anteriores</strong>:</p><ul><li>Simmel’s doctoral thesis and early publications were philosophical in character (Steinmetz 2007). Talcott Parsons made serious efforts to bring discussions about the boundaries between sociology and psychology and cultural anthropology to American sociology at Harvard (see Scott 2005b).</li></ul><p> </p><p>El present simple se usa para <strong>exponer hechos que no cambian</strong> con el tiempo, para <strong>expresar opiniones</strong> o <strong>proponer una tesis:</strong></p><ul><li>The notion of the Information Society has wide currency within Sociology and, indeed, far beyond the discipline’s borders […] Once a society manages to feed itself without everyone being so engaged (this process began with the Agricultural Revolution in the eighteenth century), then surplus labour can be transferred to industrial occupations while being assured of having sufficient to eat. […] Much the same process of increased productivity and transfer out of excess workers goes on in industry.</li></ul><p> </p><p>El present perfect suele emplearse para introducir <strong>investigaciones anteriores</strong> que sean relevantes para el estudio actual, para <strong>abordar una laguna</strong> en la base de conocimientos actual y para <strong>corregir una teoría anticuada</strong> que ya no tiene vigencia:</p><ul><li>Sociology has always worked alongside other disciplines; indeed, the discipline’s history is multi-disciplinary (Brewer 2007a). The continuing generation of classical social theory has thus infused and emerged from within other disciplines.</li></ul>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">marco teórico</h2>				</div>
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									<p>El present simple se usa para <strong>describir teorías y definir términos</strong>:</p><ul><li>The term ‘cognitive enhancement’ is usually used within bioethics to refer to the use of biomedical tools and techniques to improve the performance, capacities or functioning of ‘normal’ or ‘healthy’ individuals (Morrison, 2008). Several examples are regularly provided which include effects on memory, intelligence, linguistic skill, capacity to focus on intellectual tasks and sense perception. For the most part, cognitive enhancement is defined as distinct from cognitive therapy and some indication is provided of how one should demarcate the two, usually based upon the idea of health, normality or typical functioning.</li></ul>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">MÉTODOS Y RESULTADOS</h2>				</div>
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									<p>El simple past se emplea para <strong>detallar el desarrollo de experimentos, pruebas y diversos métodos de recogida de datos</strong> entre otros. También puede utilizarse para hablar de <strong>hechos que comenzaron y terminaron en el pasado:</strong></p><ul><li>More than half of the questionnaire (35 questions) was made up of forced choice questions, the majority having five or two response choices. There were also nine multiple-choice questions, 12 open questions and three grid questions using rating scales with 6, 6 and 8 items, respectively. Three grid questions were placed in the first part of the questionnaire.</li></ul><p>El present simple sirve en este apartado para <strong>describir metodologías que no cambian</strong> con el tiempo y para <strong>referirse a figuras, gráficos, tablas</strong> u otras secciones del trabajo:</p><ul><li>Grid questions are widely used because they allow for an in-depth analysis of the aspects under study, but may not be very useful in self-administered surveys, as they present a large number of unanswered questions as well as a low level of differentiation in the answers.</li><li>The differences in the figures in Table 1 for both surveys remain, even when controlling for the influence of demographic variables.</li></ul>								</div>
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									<p>El present simple se usa para <strong>interpretar los datos o expresar una opinión</strong>, y para informar sobre hechos que probablemente no cambien en el futuro:</p><ul><li>Sociology can be both enhanced and confirmed through interdisciplinarity and has a lot to offer other disciplines. But interdisciplinarity is challenging, time-consuming and can leave less space for important disciplinary advances. In sociology, disciplinary work is important because sociology explores and theorises the social, especially the interrelationships of humans with humans, individuals and structures, the macro and micro, free will and constraints. It resists the temptation to focus on one or other side of the sociological story.</li></ul><p> </p><p>El simple past es el tiempo utilizado para <strong>resumir los resultados de su propia investigación o para referirse a los resultados de otros estudios</strong>:</p><ul><li>In the United Kingdom Sociology was pretty hostile to Bell, but when it came to respond to the ‘microelectronics revolution’ researchers could come up with nothing to match his work. To be sure, they rejected technological determinism tout court, and embraced social constructivism wholeheartedly, but none could present a persuasive alternative account of ‘how we are now’. On the contrary, sociological research that was undertaken in this arena was, by and large, determinedly local, small-scale and particular.</li></ul>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">limitaciones</h2>				</div>
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									<p>El simple past se usa para <strong>explicar las posibles deficiencias en las actuaciones realizadas en el desarrollo de una investigación y sus áreas de mejora</strong>.</p><ul><li>The research team interviewed Joey before AAC implementation and then 4 years later. The initial interview was limited by Joey’s intelligibility and, perhaps, typical teenage reticence when interacting with adults. The later interview was focused on topics for another study, and Joey’s responses to questions about the Dynawrite were focused more on his current than previous use of the device.</li></ul><p>El present simple se utiliza para <strong>exponer hechos ampliamente aceptados que no cambian con el tiempo</strong>.</p><ul><li>A limitation of this study is the involvement of the lead researcher as the consultant to the IEP team on issues of accommodations, assistance in the classroom, and access to materials.</li></ul>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">recomendaciones e implicaciones</h2>				</div>
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									<p>En este apartado se analizan los acontecimientos que pueden ocurrir en el futuro. Sin embargo, ningún autor puede predecir lo que sucederá con certeza absoluta. Para evitar o tratar de <strong>«suavizar» las recomendaciones</strong> o <strong>afirmaciones</strong>, conviene utilizar verbos modales, como <strong>«can», «should» y «may»</strong>; verbos que sugieren incertidumbre, como <strong>«believe», «assume», «suggest», «imply» y «expect»</strong>; y <strong>adverbios</strong> que sirvan <strong>para</strong> <strong>matizar </strong>las afirmaciones, como <strong>«probably»</strong> o <strong>«possibly»</strong>.</p><p>El present simple se emplea para <strong>formular recomendaciones o expresar opiniones:</strong></p><ul><li>The paper draws attention to another striking imbalance in the UK education and training system. This second imbalance – between initial education and training and continuing education and training – has significant implications, not just for social and inter-generational equity, but also for the development and updating of skills needed to help improve national productivity performance.</li><li>However expensive the abolition of tuition fees for all FE courses up to Level 5 would be, the vocational and continuing education and training sectors should feel free to make a strong case for increased public funding alongside other claimants on general tax revenues such as health care, social care and pre school, primary and secondary education. Ultimately, improvements in all areas of public service may depend on future political choices, possibly regarding the extension of the tax base to wider sources of income and wealth than currently apply.</li></ul><p> </p><p>Se emplea el present perfect en este apartado para <strong>hablar de acciones pasadas que siguen siendo relevantes:</strong></p><ul><li>But Sociology has been somewhat outpaced by Cultural Studies when it comes to examination of the culture and cultural changes that have been such a key feature of our time. Cultural Studies has seized on virtuality to address some of the most arresting issues of the contemporary epoch – sexualities, the body, pervasive media experiences, identities&#8230;. In this it has been ahead of Sociology. Though some of the discipline has welcomed the ‘cultural turn’ there has also been fierce resistance from other parts (cf. Goldthorpe 2000).</li></ul><p> </p><p>Pueden consultarse más ejemplos del uso de estos tiempos verbales en artículos que hemos traducido o revisado en el apartado de <a href="https://textos-academicos.com/trabajos/">Nuestros trabajos.</a></p><p> </p><p>Si tiene alguna consulta o desea solicitar presupuesto para la traducción o corrección de un artículo académico, no dude en ponerse en <a href="https://textos-academicos.com/contactar/">contacto con nosotros.</a></p>								</div>
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